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Supporting Global Food Security

As the world’s population grows it is increasingly important to ensure a safe and nutritious food supply for everyone. This can be challenging in the face of a changing climate, requiring producers to adapt to new seasonal weather patterns and to changing distributions of pests and crop diseases.

Earth Observation data play a key role in monitoring global food systems. Satellites are used to assess current crop growth and give early warning of issues (such as drought or disease) that may impact food security. There are a range of services which monitor global food supplies (e.g. JRC MARS, GEOGLAM, NASA Harvest), which then inform action by national agencies or by global actors such as WFP and FAO.

Crop mapping

The first step in assess food security is to understand what crops are being grown.  The ESA WorldCereal project has demonstrated the feasibility of global crop mapping at field scape, releasing global data at 10m resolution, as well as tools to allow users to run their own analysis.

In many cases field scale data is not necessary; instead statistics on crop growth in a region are more useful. The ESA Sen4STAT project has developed products for agricultural statistics that can be easily integrated into the workflows of National Statistical Offices.

Figure: WorldCereal 2021 temporary crop extent map, resampled to ~0.004 ° resolution. Each pixel contains a number between 0 and 100, indicating the fractional cover of temporary crops within that pixel.

Drought Alerts

Lack of irrigation water is one of the biggest threats to food supplies. EO data can be used both to assess water abundance (for example by monitoring water levels in lakes, rivers and reservoirs) and to detect the effects of water stress on vegetation. Several projects looking at water stress have been undertaken in the framework of ESA’s EO AFRICA initiative, such as WASCIA, AFRI4Cast and ARIES, and these will inform the next generation of operational drought warning systems.

Figure: fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fAPAR) in Western Europe in July, 2018

Disease Warning

Another threat to food security is the spread of disease within crops. An example of how EO can support this is the Sen4Rust project, which integrates EO data into existing systems for tracking wheat rust disease in Ethiopia, to improve the modelling of which areas are most at risk.

Figure: Tracking wheat rust disease in Ethiopia. Source: Sen4Rust

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